Freud vs. Erickson on Human Development - 1761 Words

Freud vs. Erikson Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud are well known within the field of psychology for their theories on human development. These two men acted both as scholars and psychoanalysts. Erikson was a psychologist and Freud a psychiatrist. Erik Erikson studied and taught Freudian theory in Vienna, where Freud once studied at the University and practiced as a psychiatrist. Erikson believed that Freud’s developmental stages had discrepancies. Freud believed that â€Å"our personality is shaped by the age of five† (Sharkey, 1997, para. 2). Erikson felt that our personalities are built and changed over the course of a lifetime. Both Erikson and Freud are amazing theorists and well respected by other theorists in the field of psychology. The frameworks of Freud’s Psychosexual Stages are broken down by age and consist of five stages. Along with the Psychosexual Stages, Freud developed a theory outlining personality development consisting of three components. Freud’s believed that a child experiences these Psychosexual Stages and if each stage is not completed a child will struggle with the stages that follow. Freud felt that human beings either have a mental disorder or was mentally healthy/normal. I have chosen Freud’s theories and viewpoints to be most interesting because I have a difficult time agreeing and find challenge in his works, that a child’s developmental psychology can be so black and white. Erikson’s framework of Psychosocial Stages differs from Freud’s because heShow MoreRelatedSigmund Freud And Ericksons Developmental Theories1262 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparison and Contrast of Freud and Erickson’s Developmental Theories The issue of human development has been a pertinent one within the human society. In this respect, there are several developmental theories that have been forwarded by some of the world’s most renowned psychologists. The two main psychoanalytic theories of concern are Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual theory and Erik Erikson’s psychosocial theory. Sigmund Freud was a supporter of Erikson’s psychosocial theory and thus his theoryRead MoreTheories Of Theories And Theories752 Words   |  4 Pagesthinker and they have develop numerous great theories and concepts. These theories place emphasis on our personality, behavior, and development. Over the years, they have showing to be very essential due to the fact that they help us have a deeper knowledge on the way we function, our lifestyle and why we behave the way we do. Psychodynamic model Initially, Sigmund Freud was the most influential thinker of his days and was known as the father of the Psychoanalytic theory. His theory was developed basedRead MoreDifference Between Freud vs. Erikson Essay1023 Words   |  5 PagesDifference between Freud vs. Erikson ENG 121 Difference between Freud vs. Erikson In this essay, I am going to compare and contrast two famous theorists Erik Erikson and Sigmund Freud. I will be talking about each of these theorists and their famous theories of psychosocial and psychosexual, since they both are well known development theories. I will provide enough information about both and explain the differences of each, as well. First off, Freud had inspired Erickson who had theories thatRead MoreLifespan Development : Cognitive, And Personal And Social Development1717 Words   |  7 PagesLifespan Development is the field of study that examines patterns, modes of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan of an individual. There are so many things to keep in mind about Lifespan Psychology; 1. Lifespan Psychology is a scientific, developmental approach that focuses on human development. 2. Scientists who study the lifespan know that neither heredity nor environment alone can account for the full range of human development. 3. Development is a continuingRead MoreDevelopmental Theories and How They Relate to Real Life Scenarios1468 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopmental Theories There are many theories on how a human develops. Most babies follow a certain pattern of development but the controversy is which person s developmental pattern of development is correct? Erik Erickson, Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget s developmental theories are similar. Each of the theories goes through a human s development chronologically, giving a guideline of when certain developments happen. For example when a child is supposed to walk or when a child is going to speakRead MoreThe Early Pioneers Of Development Theories With Modern Psychology Essay1931 Words   |  8 PagesSiegler W1 Assignment 3 Human Growth and Development PSY2022 SO2 Lisa Voorhees 11/05/2016 Freud, Erickson and Piaget are some of the early pioneers of development theories with modern psychology. Sigmund Freud is a Austrian neurologist who is known for his theories and techniques with psychoanalysis. Erick Erikson is a German who was born in America and was best known for developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst for his theory based on psychosocial development within humans. Jean Piaget came fromRead MoreErik Erickson s Theory Of Development1015 Words   |  5 PagesErik Erickson’s Theory of Development Erickson does not discuss psychosexual stages like Freud, but rather, psychosocial stages. There are eight different stages in this development theory, which may seem like a lot, but it delves deep into multiple stages and ages of life. Similar to Freud, he believes that a crisis happens at each stage of development, â€Å"these crises are of a psychosocial nature because they involve psychological needs of the individual (i.e. psycho) conflicting with the needsRead MoreSigmund Freud s Oedipus Complex ( Schultz Sydney P. 42 )3497 Words   |  14 Pagesclass, about psychology from the early days of Freud all the way to preset day. Growing up, Freud’s father was strict and authoritarian; Freud felt superior to his father by the age of 2. His mother was protective and loving towards him, which led Freud to feel a passionate, sexual attachment to her. This situation set the stage for his Oedipus complex (Schultz Sydney P. 42). Like this complex, most of Freud’s theories reflect his own childhood. Freud later described personality as being made upRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Human Development1712 Words   |  7 PagesCompared to Sigmund Freud s theory of human development, where he believed our personality is shaped around the age of five, Erik Erickson s (1902-1994) theory focuses on psychosocial development. That being said, psychosocial development is a theory made more specifically for children as they grow to adulthood based on what they ve seen and think from their parents, peers, and their upcoming experiences. He believed that a person s childhood is the important aspect in developing personalityRead More Theories of Development Essay1778 Words   |  8 PagesTheories of Development There are many branches of psychology. The field of human development is divided into five theory groups. The theory groups are Psychodynamic, Cognitive, Systems, Biological and Behavioral. Each theory group has many contributing theorists. Some theories overlap while others are independent. Often theories are credible whereas others cause skepticism. There are many contributors to the world of psychology with different views and beliefs about human development. Psychodynamic

Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps - 848 Words

Audrey Collins December 16, 2015 Alpha Company PVT/2 100 Years of JROTC Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (JROTC) First came to exist in 1916 as part of the National Defense act. The Mission of JROTC is to motivate young people to become better citizens and I know ever since I started JROTC that s just what I have done. Over the years JROTC has changed and evolved a lot over the years and i am proud to say that i can be part of an organization like JROTC. Before 1967 the amount of JROTC programs was limited to 1,200. The amount was increased to 1,600 programs and in 1967 again it was increased to 3,500 units in the year 1992 the limitation on the number of programs was removed from the law in 2001. The amount of Cadets that are required at minimum are three hundred in a Battalion. Women have served the United States Army since 1775. They nursed the sick and wounded, cleaned and fixed torn clothing, and cooked for the troops on military bases.Campaign services did not exist in the Army until the 20th century. Women were an invaluable but an essential part of the Army .Women continue to have a play an important role in ongoing operations and with the selfless sacrifices they make for their country, we continue to break through gender barriers. In 2013 the Secretary of Defense Leon E. Panetta signed a document that lifted the National Defense Department s ban on women to take part in direct ground combat roles. This decision overturned 1994’sShow MoreRelatedAir Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps1189 Words   |  5 Pagesask what is the point of Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps., and what does it teach you? Here is some food for thought AFJROTC stands for Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps. AFJROTC is a military regulated high school program, that teaches high school students leadership skills and traits and the benefits of being a citizen. It is to motivate students to be better American Citizens. The Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFJROTC) program was founded in 1911Read MoreThe Goals of Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps1483 Words   |  6 PagesPopular Value? There are a number of eminent boons associated with the Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps (JROTC), a program which is offered as an elective at public high schools across the nation. However, many of these positives do not directly correlate to academic achievement. An explanation of this fact partially stems from the very nature of the program as an elective, it is limited in the amount of educational value it can impart to students, which is certainly lesser than that ofRead MoreInduction Ceremony Script Essay627 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Kitty Hawk Air Society Induction Ceremony Script Neessen and pledges form up out of sight Emcee: Welcome to the Air Force Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps Kitty Hawk Air Society Induction Ceremony. I am Cadet (Rank and full name said) and I will be your emcee for this evening. As a courtesy for our inductees and guests we ask you to please silence your phones at this time. LONG PAUSE TO ALLOW THEM TO SILENCE CELL PHONES! Emcee: Ladies and Gentlemen, please stand, place your right hand overRead More Recruitment of Child Soldiers Essay2585 Words   |  11 Pagesvisiting schools and by handing out free merchandise, including free video games that simulate actual training. Also the federal ?No Child Left Behind? enacted by our government to insure adequate education, has been misused by granting military recruiters wide access to public high-schools and to student?s personal information. Douglas Smith, a spokesperson for the Army Reserve Command, confirms ?This provision is simply a matter of convenience, it saves the recruiters a lot ofRead MoreThe United States Marine Corps990 Words   |  4 Pagesthem one of the most respected branches of the military. The Marines Corps are deployed to respond swiftly and aggressively to threats around the world. What distinguishes the Marines Corps from any other branch is the bond formed by their motto â€Å"Semper Fidelis.† It was a motto adopted in 1883. â€Å"Semper Fidelis† in Latin means â€Å"always faithful.† It reminds marines to always be faithful to their mission, to one another, and to the Corps and our beloved nation, no matter the cost. However, we will discussRead MoreThe American Dream, Life, Liberty, And The Pursuit Of Happiness915 Words   |  4 Pagesestablishing leadership traits. I became heavily involved in the Special Olympics Club, becoming the Vice President my freshman year in High School. As my leadership skills began to grow, I found myself more involved in the Navy Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps and during my senior year I achieved the highest rank, Cadet Commander, mentoring and leading over 300 cadets. I helped conduct massive fundraisers for events such as having our Cadet Honor Guard perform at the opening ceremony forRead MoreThe Process of Becoming a Marine Corps Officer1506 Words   |  7 PagesThe Marine Corps has been protecting America’s freedom and acting as a symbol of strength since 1775. The United States Marine Corps is a force for greatness, bound to the words liberty and justice, sworn to protect every American soul. Marines have battled on land, in air, and at sea for their country and many brave men and women have lost their lives in the line of fire. These brave soldiers are lead by intelligent officers who are strong leaders, quick decision makers, and possess great mentalRead MoreReaching For The Stars Unless You re Black1066 Words   |  5 Pagesmission to serve and protect the fre e people of this country and to uphold the Constitution that affords it. Alas, the structure begs for internal oppression of minorities, due to the need and desire by its members to advance in rank. The General Officer Corps. is the highest of military ranks next to the President. And with rank brings freedoms, privileges, and above all power. The power to make a wide spectrum of orders; from how members tie their boots or whether to wage nuclear war. The membersRead MoreInstructor Education Course For Bolc B. The United States Army Officer2256 Words   |  10 Pages Instructor Education Course for BOLC B Patricia Ryder, CPT, USA, CG 14 Marine Corps Expeditionary Warfare School Major Brian Schweers March 30, 2015 In 1819, to the House of Representatives, Secretary of War, John C. Calhoun wrote â€Å"No truth is better supported by history than that . . . victory will be on the side of those who have the best instructed officers.†1 Officers in the United States military carry a heavy burden to take responsibility for the lives they lead. AsRead MoreMla Preview790 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowed by Professor Robert Edward Lee Southerland on July 8, 1937, and Southerland was followed by R.D. McLendon on July 1, 1942. On July 1, 1935, Pearl River Junior College made application to the War Department for the establishment of a Junior Reserve Officers Training Corps (R.O.T.C) Unit. This program had not been assigned to a junior college before and approval was difficult to obtain. However, approval was granted and on August 19, 1935 the first R.O.T.C unit was formed. The new R.O.T.C.

I Am A Citizen Of A Free Society - 914 Words

These days in our country we like to believe that we have the power to do as we please. Lessing makes a remarkable suggestion about our minds under social pressure. â€Å"I am a citizen of a free society, and that mean I am an individual, making individual choices. My mind is my own, my opinions are chosen by me, I am free to do as I will.(Pg.595)† is bad because indeed we do not want to be individuals, we all want to be a part of something and the honest truth is we can’t stand being alone for a long course of time. The way we are raised is around friends and growing up with being a part of something (even if it’s a sports team, church, school etc.), making us group minded. So when we are pressured under a group, we automatically break down and our individualism is deserted. Lessing’s comments show us that maybe we should start teaching our youths how to grow up and withstand group pressure. We do not have to agree with everything that may seem right to e verybody else’s perspective, plus not to fall under pressure of persuasive slogans and ads. Lessing’s made a gruesome observation about how we humans act under group pressure. She made an assumption that people in the west like to think that we have the power to do whatever we like, but we also don’t like to be alone. We like to be in groups, we hang out with groups with somewhat same background as us so we tend to think alike. So when something doesn’t seem right to us, and our group thinks otherwise it is very difficult forShow MoreRelatedPolicies Based Off My Political Philosophy996 Words   |  4 PagesI am writing to you today in order to recommend some policies based off my political philosophy as you embark on your journey towards winning the seat for the Presidency. The first policy deals with equality among voting regulations. Many large corporations spend too much money on political campaigns. As a result, this way of spending money leads to th e candidate answering the large corporations, not the average citizen. The current way of campaigning creates an oligarchy [the wealthy] in our governmentRead More America as I Live Essay825 Words   |  4 Pages America, land of the free and home of the brave. We as a nation support this claim proudly, but is this really the land of the free in which we live? Well, judging from the cultural melting pot this country has become, one would probably agree that America is in deed the land of liberty and freedom. We as Americans ( or simply US citizens) wether acquired by birth or naturalization have been ordained the constitutional right to conduct our lives and choose our destinations as we please. NaturallyRead MoreCivic Duties of Teenagers1459 Words   |  6 Pagesrights, and with those rights come responsibilities. That is what civic duty is, your rights and responsibilities that help contribute to society. Every single day we perform these tasks to help better our country as a w hole. Teenagers have a huge role in this circle, whether they believe it or not. The civic duties that teenagers perform are a crucial part of our society, because they are the ones who grow up to be the next generation. Rights of a Teenager As a teenager, you are entitled to your rightsRead MoreWhen You Think Of The Word Democracy You Think About A1382 Words   |  6 Pagesabout a politics. I am not a fan of politics at all but when someone says democracy, I think of a system of government that the population votes in a candidate through elected representatives. The schooling system does a good job noftying children that their vote counts. These are the rights that everyone has to fight about because they are very important. People always fight for the right to vote and their voice to be heard. The word democracy just does not mean that citizens are only being heardRead MoreFactors Influencing Women to Engage in Prostitution Research Essay555 Words   |  3 Pagesgroup we expected that we would be able to gather data at a wider range: participant observation, unstructured interview, and personal connections. Unfortunately, we were only able to push through with the personal connections method for data gathering. I th ink we were unable to conduct the participant observation because in our governance project involving the search of the factors influencing women to engage in prostitution, our age is still somehow inappropriate. In participant observation, it willRead MoreDrug Testing Should Not Be Drug Tested1229 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s world the government budget and where money is spent is very concerning to some people. I believe that anyone applying for and or receiving government aid should have to be drug tested. The use of drug testing to determine aid eligibility would help with the diagnoses and prevention of drug abuse, ensure government aid is reaching those with the greatest need and help strengthen the taxpayer’s confidence in the systems effectiveness. One of the more controversial topics recently beingRead MoreRole Of Public Administrators During Protecting Civil Liberties823 Words   |  4 PagesGreenblatt, (2013), surrounding free speech was that of dismay because I would think that people would know what to say and what not to say. However, after reading the article, clearly with cyberspace it opens up several doors for hate speech, it opens door for people to just say anything without thought of being offensive or not, hateful or not, just because they can say it. According to Carter, (2012) there are positive and negative liberties. The article references free will and autonomy as it relatesRead MoreSecond Amendment Essay837 Words   |  4 Pagesis the Second Amendment. The Second Amendment has been disputed for hundreds of years on exactly of its exact true meaning. The United States Constitution wrote the Second Amendment as â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. The argument that has lasted for centuries begins with the first part â€Å"A well regulated militia†. Over the years, many of the nation’s supreme courts have ruled in a lotRead MoreResponsibilites of a Catholic Citizen Essay579 Words   |  3 Pageslives of many people throughout the world. Being a Catholic Citizen in today’s free society, we have many responsibilities. Some being: to make known to the world of how precious God’s gift of life to us really is, to spread the faith, and to donate not only money but also there time to those in need. God gave us precious life and free will, but meant for us to use our free will to protect His precious gift, not destroy it. In today’s society, there are too many choices. Abortions, poverty, and violenceRead MoreHigher Education At State Colleges And Universities Should Be Free For All American Citizens1689 Words   |  7 PagesHigher education at state colleges and universities should be free for all American citizens. American citizens who attend State Colleges and Universities at no cost, will not solved all of the nation’s problems that we face today, but maybe a good start. Supplying our citizens with free higher education is one of the best investments that our nation can make; these students will become the next generation of leaders, engineers, doctors, intellects, musicians and artists. They will be equipped with

Analysis Of Hennepin County, A Non Profit Government...

Hennepin County is a non-profit government agency and our mission is to provide human resources for county department to enhance performance, engage employees and excel delivering results. Hennepin County defines HR as a business partner that supports and advises county department’s leaders with decision-making process that provides alternative ways to reach their objective while ensuring legal compliance. HR explain how legislative rules, labor agreements apply in cases and propose what actions to take depending on the objective. In order for us to be effective and remain in alignment with the vision by partnering with the county department to provide progressive human resource programs and innovative solutions to achieve organizational goals. Today, we live in a world of shrinking resources and rapidly changing environments and needs of the community. As a result, we are required to operate both effectively and efficiently. The human resources department is responsible for ensuring each department manages its goals, strategies, projects, data sharing by working together across departments and lines of business. This allows us to better utilize our resources and look for opportunities for improvements. In order for an organization to achieve all elements mentioned, a robust strategy management system is necessary in order for the human resource management team to deliver and build. Integration of the system is crucial due the business lines we support internal andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Hennepin County, A Non Profit Government Agency And Our Mission1330 Words   |  6 PagesHennepin County is a non-profit government agency and our mission is to provide human resources for county department to enhance performance, en gage employees and excel delivering results. Hennepin County defines HR as a business partner that supports and advises county department’s leaders with decision-making process that provides alternative ways to reach their objective while ensuring legal compliance. HR explain how legislative rules, labor agreements apply in cases and propose what actions

Migrants Culture in Host Country Free Essays

| Migrant’s culture in host country Culture is generally accepted way of doing activities in a society which includes beliefs, symbols, values, behaviour and social organization. Migrants adopt and mix with new culture since culture change in inevitable. There are certain arguments for maintaining one’s native culture in a new country. We will write a custom essay sample on Migrants Culture in Host Country or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, it is a defended that migrants should adopt the host country’s culture. This essay will consider the arguments for retaining or not retaining ones culture in the new country. To begin with, people have developed their own way of living in the country of origin and they are accustomed to doing activities in the local ways. One of habits is the cooking styles. Migrants are usually middle aged people who find it difficult to adopt new ways of cooking because they are used to and experience in their traditional ways. To mark the special events celebrated back at home, food is cooked as it is done at home country. For instance, cook islanders cook in earth oven which gives a sense of togetherness and feeling for there culture (Manderson, 1986). Therefore, the migrants continue with their traditional ways to keep the culture alive and enjoy the same taste as home country. However, it is not always possible to practise such cooking in foreign countries. Migrants usually rent a flat where ground is not always available. Place where it is vacant, it is prohibited to dig others compound. Lighting open fires in city area would create problems to residents, ringing of fire alarm and even pollution which is a major benchmark in urban centres. To add another point, the visitors more from the host country who will prefer food they are used to eating such as those prepared in grill and electric appliances. For example, to serve island food to European would be dishonour to their culture (Manderson, 1986). As a result, migrants strongly need to adapt to host cooking style to overcome such problem. Another cultural aspect which is argued on is traditional ceremonies and festival. The emigrants retain these practises as one need to perform a ritual (which includes births, deaths and marriage) in the traditional to fulfil the requirements. For example, Indian migrants celebrate Diwali (Hindu festival of lights) all over the world. . Constant practise of the ceremonies compel the dominant group to adopt the changes such as in case of Fiji where Prophet Mohammed’s Birthday is given a public holiday as the Muslims (a minority group in Fiji) brought the festival during indentured system. On the other hand, it is difficult to perform such religious activities since it may cause distraction to host people or its value is not recognised in the new society. For instance, holiday given in home country is not observed in the host country. Moreover, the resource (offerings and ornaments) are not available in the country of migration. For instance, Fiji Indians are not able to play with fire crackers because it is embargo goods (The Fiji Times, 1st November 2008, p. 1). Another example is that indigenous Fijians kill cattle during death ceremony at home, but in the most developed countries, animal can only be killed in abattoirs. Consequently, this hindrance prevents the migrants to practise their culture in other countries. These constraints compel them to follow the host culture. The next cultural feature which the migrants retain is the language. Migrants retain their language to maintain the identity of ethnicity and pass the language to younger generations. Knowing one’s own language, the person can read the religious scripts which are mostly written in vernacular. Words used in translation not always carry the same meaning as in the original writing. Maintaining the language enable the person to better communicate with people of home country. Thus, for these reasons the migrants preserve the native language. On the other side, it is very important for the person to understand the language of host culture to communicate and socialise with the people. Understanding the host language prevents communication breakdown between two groups of people. (Clifford, 1973). Situation where communication is a problem, the migrants will encounter culture shock and segregation in the society. Moreover, if person understand the host language, it would be easier to use the facilities such as railway timetables where directions are written in the host language. In conclusion, there are strong reasons as why to retain or why not to retain one’s culture in the host country. However, a person needs to change the traditional culture and adopt the new ways to be adopted in the new society. A changing culture will enable a person to overcome culture shock and segregation. It is strongly argued that a person should change the culture and adopt the new ways of living. Every culture is susceptible to change; therefore, a person should be flexible enough to adopt new ways. How to cite Migrants Culture in Host Country, Papers

Canadian Dollar Fluctuations Essay Example For Students

Canadian Dollar Fluctuations Essay ? The Canadian dollar has declined by over thirty percent versus the United States dollar,since it was at its highest in 1970. The reason for this is mainly the following factors: theQuebec factor, the inflation factor, the productivity factor, the growth in government and taxesfactor, and the commodity price factor. These all come together to bring us to what theCanadian dollar is worth compared to the U.S. dollar today. The Quebec factor is partly responsible for the decline. ?It is no coincidence that theCanadian dollar began its descent to 69 cents in November 1976. That was the month in whichthe Parti Quebecois shocked political observers by winning the Quebec provincial election. Itwas the first, and still only, party explicitly committed to separation to assume the reins of powerin Quebec City. ?While it is generally agreed that there is a risk premium built into the Canadiandollar because of the threat of separation, no one believes that threat is responsible for thewhole, or even the bulk, of the currencys decline. The Canadian dollar is much lower because of separation because of what happenedduring the 1980 Quebec referendum. At the beginning of the campaign, in March 1980, pollsshowed the Yes side leading. In response, the Canadian dollar very quickly dropped from 87cents to 83 cents. But in May, when the No side won a resounding 60-40 per cent victory overthe separatists, the Canadian dol lar leaped back up. It was at 87 cents again in June. Thecurrencys movement in that period suggests a minimum 4 cent risk premium because ofseparation. This is roughly consistent with what happened in the subsequent October 1995referendum. On the night of the referendum, the television networks were showing the Yes sidewith a substantial lead. The Canadian dollar immediately dropped a cent. Then, however, thevotes from Montreal were counted and the momentum began to swing strongly towards the Noside. Over the next several days, the Canadian leaped 3 cents to 75 cents. Inflation means that the same amount of money purchases fewer goods and services thanbefore. It follows that if, in a given time frame, currency A undergoes more inflation thancurrency B, then A will end up purchasing relatively less goods than B. Obviously, this meanscurrency A is going to be less valuable than before. People will be more likely to sell thecurrency or to buy less of it in favor of currency B. The resu lt is that currency A declines relativeto currency B. This is an application of the Purchasing Power Parity Theorom, which holds thatexchange rates, in the long run, reflect relative national inflation performances. ?While Canadas inflation rate has been lower than the U.S. rate of late, this has not beenthe case over the last twenty five years. The United States has done better than Canada incontaining inflation during that twenty five year period. Part of the Canadian dollars decline,according to the Royal Banks John McCallum, can be attributed to this. During the summer of 1998, when the Canadian dollar was hitting all time lows, the Globe and Mails editorial page opined that Canadas lagging productivity is behind the currencys doldrums. Productivity refers to the returns generated from employing a unit of capital or labour. Rising productivity means firms are getting more value from each unit of capital and labour in which they invest. For example, you hire someone to mow you lawn for the summer at $10 an hour. At thebeginning of the summer, this individual takes one and a half hours to mow your lawn. So youpay him $15. By the end of the summer, he is mowing the lawn in an hour. Now you only haveto pay him $10. Notice that the productivity of the labour you have employed has increased: youare getting more grass cut per hour. Notice, too, that your costs have come down as a result. Thatis what rising productivity does: it allows us to produce goods and services at a lower cost. How does that affect the currency? For an exporting country like Canada, productivitys mainimpact is in international competitiveness. Higher productivity, involves lower costs, means thata countrys exports become more competitive than the goods produced by other countries. Thattranslates into higher exports, which is supportive of the currency. The opposite takes place inthe case of lagging productivity. Then a countrys costs of production b ecome higher and itsexports cannot be sold at competitive prices. Exports go down and the currency suffers. Unfortunately, Canadas productivity has declined relative to the United States in thecrucial area of manufacturing. Between 1979 and 1997, Canadian manufacturing productivityhas grown by 36%. That pales by comparison to the United States. In the same period, U.S. .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 , .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 .postImageUrl , .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 , .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303:hover , .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303:visited , .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303:active { border:0!important; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303:active , .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303 .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u74602cbbf5dac082feb76ba50a27a303:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I am so much like you Essaymanufacturing productivity grew by seventy one percent. The Growth in Government and Taxes factor is a major reason for the drop in value. ?Led by the Fraser Institute, neoconservative commentators like to blame the fall of theCanadian dollar on the growth of the public sector and increases in taxation. With governmentmore mettlesome in its regulations and the tax take substantially higher than it was at thebeginning of the 1980s, people just do not want to invest in Canada.? Investors take theirmoney elsewhere. So they sell their Canadian dollar assets or do not buy them at all. Either way,capital flows run against the currency. The Commodity Price Factor is the most prevalent explanation of the Canadian dollarspoor performance. The argument here is that Canada is still a large exporter of natural resources;not as large as it used to be in the 1950s, but still about forty percent of its exports are naturalresource based. As such, Canadas export revenues are very sensitive to commodity pricemovements. When those prices rise, export revenues go up, helping the Canadian dollar. Butwhen commodity prices decline, the Canadi an dollar suffers. And that is what has beenhappening for most of the last twenty five years. Believing that the devaluation of the Canadian dollar has indeed had this effect on theCanadian economy, some economists have proposed that something be done to avoid it fromfurther decreasing in value. The most noteworthy proposal, along these lines, is North Americancurrency union. ?Just as the European Union has opted for one currency, the Euro, so thesignatories to NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement) namely, Mexico, Canada,and the United States should adopt one currency for the continent.? No longer would we haveto worry about our dollar declining against the U.S. dollar, since we would share the samecurrency. In conclusion, the Canadian dollar has declined by over thirty percent versus the UnitedStates dollar, since 1970 mainly because of inflation and the fact that government taxes havegone up. This is why the Canadian dollar is worth what it is today. Endnotes? Boreham, Gordon F. Bodkin, Ronald, Money, Banking, and Finance: The CanadianContext (Holt, Rinehart, Winston of Canada, 1993), p. 36? Ibid. p. 43? McCallum, John Drivers of the Canadian dollar and policy implications Royal Bank ofCanada Current Analysis, August 1998, p. 12Ibid. Cooper, Sherry S, Why were getting poorer The Financial Post, Mar. 5/99, p. 3Board of Economists, Do we want one North American currency? The Financial Post, Jan. 30/99, p. 9BibliographyBibliographyBoreham, Gordon F. ; Bodkin, Ronald. Money, Banking, and Finance: The Canadian Context. Holt, Rinehart, ;Winston of Canada, 1993. Board of Economists. Do we want one North American currency? The Financial Post, Jan. 30/99. Cooper, Sherry S. Why were getting poorer The Financial Post, Mar. 5/99. McCallum, John Drivers of the Canadian dollar and policy implications Royal Bank of CanadaCurrent Analysis, August 1998. Economics